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I am an economist who joined Microsoft in 2025 to work on Microsoft’s cloud business. During the seven years before I joined Microsoft (2012-2025), I worked at Google, first as a research scientist in Google’s Strategic Technologies division, and later as an economist in Google’s Economics Team. I had come to Google after a two-year stint in Yahoo! Research, where I was a research scientist in their Microeconomics and Social Systems group.

I studied at Caltech from 2002-2006. There I graduated first in my undergraduate class with a B.S. in applied and computational mathematics, a B.S. in economics, and an M.S. in chemistry. After graduating from Caltech, I attended Stanford Graduate School of Business on an NSF graduate research fellowship, earning a Ph.D. in economics in 2010.

I have pursued a number of other interests over the course of my life. I am a World Chess Federation Master and a former US National High School Chess Champion. While in high school, I also qualified for the US Chemistry and US Physics Olympiad Teams.

For my CV click here.

Publications:
(Sorted by field---click here for chronological ordering.)

Computer Science

Hummel P, Nadav U.Ā “Bid-limited targeting”. ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 7, 2 (2025) Article 5.
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “Cardinal contests”. ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 6, 2 (2018) Article 7.
Hummel P, Nadav U.Ā “Bid-limited targeting”. Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (WWW) (2018) 1329-1338.
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Machine learning in an auction environment”. Journal of Machine Learning Research 17, 197 (2016) 1-37.
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “手机软件下载_手机软件大全_手机软件排行榜【苹果|安卓 ...:2021-2-14 · 手机软件哪个好？2021什么手机软件好用？太平洋下载中心手机软件排行榜，提供各种热门好玩的安卓、苹果手机软件下载。 Cydia下载版是iOS越狱后的 ...” ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 5, 1 (2016) Article 4.
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “Cardinal contests”. Proceedings of the 24^th International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW) (2015) 377-387.
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “When does improved targeting increase revenue?” Proceedings of the 24^th International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW) (2015) 462-472.
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Position auctions with externalities”. Proceedings of the 10^th Conference on Web and Internet Economics (WINE) (2014) 417-422.Ā Full version
Bhawalkar K, Hummel P, Vassilvitskii S.Ā “Value of targeting”. Proceedings of the 7^th International Symposium on Algorithmic Game Theory (SAGT) (2014) 194-205.Ā Full version
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Machine leaning in an auction environment”. Proceedings of the 23^rd International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW) (2014) 7-18.
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “Learning and incentives in user-generated content: multi-armed bandits with endogenous arms”. Proceedings of the 4^th Conference on Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science (ITCS) (2013) 233-246.
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “Implemeting optimal outcomes in social computing: a game-theoretic approach”. Proceedings of the 21^st International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW) (2012) 539-548.Ā Full version
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “A game-theoretic analysis of rank-order mechanisms for user-generated content”. Proceedings of the 12^th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC) (2011) 189-198.

Economics

Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Evolutionary consumers imply monopolies exit”. International Economic Review 59, 4 (2018) 1733-1746.
Hummel P.Ā “Hybrid mechanisms for Vickrey-Clarke-Groves and generalized second-price bids”. International Journal of Game Theory 47, 1 (2018) 331-350.
Hummel P.Ā “Reserve prices in repeated auctions”. International Journal of Game Theory 47, 1 (2018) 273-299.
Hummel P.Ā “How do selling mechanisms affect profits, surplus, capacity, and prices with unknown demand?” Canadian Journal of Economics 51, 1 (2018) 94-126.
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Loss functions for predicted click-through rates in auctions for online advertising”. syncios下载|苹果同步软件(Syncios) v6.6.7官方版 - 光行资源网:2 天前 · 首页软件下载安卓下载苹果下载手游电脑版 H5游戏资讯教程排行榜首页 > 下载中心 > 系统软件 > 操作系统 > 苹果同步软件(Syncios) v6.6.7官方版更多下载地址 32, 7 (2017) 1314-1328.
Hummel P.Ā “Endogenous budget constraints”. 苹果7上谷歌加速软件 88 (2017) 11-15.
Hummel P, McAfee RP, Vassilvitskii S.Ā “Incentivizing advertiser networks to submit multiple bids”. International Journal of Game Theory 45, 4 (2016) 1031-1052.
Hummel P.Ā “Position auctions with dynamic resizing”. International Journal of Industrial Organization 45 (2016) 38-46.
Hummel P.Ā “Simultaneous use of auctions and posted prices”. European Economic Review 78 (2015) 269-284.
Hummel P, Knight B.Ā “Sequential or simultaneous elections? A welfare analysis”. iphone上如何使用谷歌 56, 3 (2015) 851-887.
Ghosh A, Hummel P.Ā “A game-theoretic analysis of rank-order tournaments for user-generated content”. Journal of Economic Theory 154 (2014) 349-374.
Callander S, Hummel P.Ā “Preemptive policy experimentation”. Econometrica 82, 4 (2014) 1509-1528.
Hummel P.Ā “Pre-election polling and third party candidates”. Social Choice and Welfare 42, 1 (2014) 77-98.
Hummel P, Holden R.Ā “Optimal primaries”. 苹果7上谷歌加速软件 109, 1 (2014) 64-75.
Hummel P, Morgan J, Stocken PC.Ā “A model of flops”. RAND Journal of Economics 44, 4 (2013) 585-609.
Hummel P.Ā “Candidate strategies in primaries and general elections with candidates of heterogeneous quality”. Games and Economic Behavior 78, 1 (2013) 85-102.
Hummel P.Ā “Deliberative democracy and electoral competition”. Games and Economic Behavior 75, 2 (2012) 646-667.
Hummel P.Ā “手机软件下载_手机软件大全_手机软件排行榜【苹果|安卓 ...:2021-2-14 · 手机软件哪个好？2021什么手机软件好用？太平洋下载中心手机软件排行榜，提供各种热门好玩的安卓、苹果手机软件下载。 Cydia下载版是iOS越狱后的 ...”. 怎么在苹果上登录谷歌 96, 4 (2012) 341-348.
Hummel P.Ā “Deliberation in large juries with diverse preferences”. Public Choice 150, 3 (2012) 595-608.
Hummel P.Ā “Proportional versus winner-take-all electoral vote allocations”. Public Choice 148, 3 (2011) 381-393.
Hummel P.Ā “Information aggregation in multicandidate elections under plurality rule and runoff voting”. Mathematical Social Sciences 62, 1 (2011) 1-6.
Hummel P.Ā “Abstention and signaling in large repeated elections”. Games and Economic Behavior 72, 2 (2011) 586-593.
Hummel P.Ā “Flip-flopping from primaries to general elections”. Journal of Public Economics 94, 11 (2010) 1020-1027.
Hummel P.Ā “On the nature of equilibria in a Downsian model with candidate valence”. Games and Economic Behavior 70, 2 (2010) 65-103.
Hummel P.Ā “谷歌浏览器55版本下载|谷歌浏览器55正式版 V55.0.2883 ...:2021-3-20 · 谷歌浏览器55稳定版是一款伢秀的电脑浏览器。这个版本非常稳定，为用户带来了多种浏览器扩展框架，隐私模式保证用户信息的安全性，覆盖了多线程虚拟机可加速javascript的执行，如果你现在浏览器不是很好的话可伡考虑更换下。”. Social Choice and Welfare 34, 1 (2010) 65-103.
Hummel P.Ā “Buying supermajorities in a stochastic environment”. Public Choice 141, 3 (2009) 351-369.
Hummel P.Ā “Iterative elimination of weakly dominated strategies in binary voting agendas with sequential voting”. Social Choice and Welfare 31, 2 (2008) 257-269.

Mathematics

Hummel P.Ā “On consecutive quadratic non-residues: a conjecture of Issai Schur”. Journal of Number Theory 103, 2 (2003) 257-266.
Hummel P.Ā “Solid constructions using ellipses”. Pi Mu Epsilon Journal 11, 8 (2003) 429-435.

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Hummel P, Winkler JR, Gray HB.Ā “Electronic structures of tetragonal nitrido and nitrosyl metal complexes”. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 119, 1 (2008) 35-38.
Hummel P, Gray HB.Ā “Strikingly similar electronic structures of [Mn(N)(CN)₅]^3- and [Mn(NO)(CN)₅]^3-”. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 151, 4 (2007) 554-556.
Hummel P, Halpern-Manners N, Gray HB.Ā “Electronic excited states of tetracyanonickelate(II)”. Inorganic Chemistry 45, 18 (2006) 7397-7400.
Hummel P, Winkler JR, Gray HB.Ā “Electronic structures of trans-dioxometal complexes”. Dalton Transactions 1 (2006) 168-171.
Hummel P, Oxgaard J, Goddard WA III, Gray HB.Ā “Ligand field excited states of metal hexacarbonyls”. Inorganic Chemistry 44, 7 (2005) 2454-2458.
Hummel P, Vaidehi N, Floriano WB, Hall SE, Goddard WA III.Ā “亚马逊、苹果公司、谷歌、伡及Zigbee联盟和其董事会成员 ...:2021-12-19 · 亚马逊、苹果公司、谷歌、伡及Zigbee联盟和其董事会成员共同成立工作组为智能家居设备开发新的开放连接标准基于IP的互联家居项目简化开发提升兼容西雅图加利福尼亚州库皮蒂诺，山景城，戴维斯物联风向,物联网商城,物联网解决方案,物联网平台,物联网产品,物联网方案,,物联网展,物联网展 …”. Protein Science 14, 3 (2005) 703-710.
Hummel P, Oxgaard J, Goddard WA III, Gray HB.Ā “Ligand field strengths of carbon monoxide and cyanide in octahedral coordination”. Journal of Coordination Chemistry 58, 1 (2005) 41-45.
Lee JC, Langen R, Hummel P, Gray HB, Winkler JR.Ā “Ī±-Synuclein structures from fluorescence-energy transfer kinetics: Implications for the role of the protein in Parkinson’s disease”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 47 (2004) 16466-16471.

Political Science

Hummel P.Ā “Strategic ambiguity about military capacity with multiple adversaries”. Journal of Theoretical Politics 27, 2 (2015) 288-300.
Hummel P, Rothschild D.Ā “Fundamental models for forecasting elections at the state level”. Electoral Studies 35 (2014) 123-139.
Hummel P.Ā “苹果手机可伡安装谷歌商店吗?-ZOL问答:安装步骤： 1、先安装【谷歌服务框架GoogleServicesFramework.apk】，再安装【谷歌商店Google play.apk】，先不要启动谷歌商店Google play。 2、在钛备份软件中备份这两个程序后，再将这两个程序 …”. 电脑怎么上Google-ZOL问答:13条回答：【推荐答案】电脑打开gg的方法第一步：搜悦游VPN下载加速器第二步：免费注册账号第三步：连接大陆伡外的节点第四步：打开浏览器输入你要浏览的网址 25, 1 (2013) 128-149.
Hummel P.Ā “Pre-election polling and sequential elections”. 被苹果谷歌应用商店下架后 Zynn已推出无现金奖励的替伟版本 ...:今天 · 五月份的时候，翻版“抖音”的短视频应用Zynn凭借现金奖励迅速拉拢了一大票用户，并且在苹果AppStore和谷歌Play应用商店榜单上力压TikTok。然而火 ... 23, 4 (2011) 463-479.
Hummel P.Ā “Sequential voting when long elections are costly”. Economics and Politics 23, 1 (2011) 36-58.

Other

Hummel P.Ā “Crucial decisions of the second world war”. The Concord Review 12, 1 (2001) 177-202.

Patents:

Zhong Q, Mehta A, Hummel P, Bhawalkar KU, Sun S, Aggarwal G.Ā “Optimized digitial component analysis system”. US Patent 10397056 (2025).
Hummel P.Ā “Choosing allocations and prices in position auctions”. US Patent 10269045 (2025).
Hummel P, Varian HR.Ā “System and method for providing context-based third-party content”. US Patent 10182123 (2025).
Hummel P, McAfee RP.Ā “Performance based content item ranking”. US Patent 9996851 (2018).
Hummel P, McAfee RP, Dillon JV, Harris CK, Lipus TS.Ā “Ranking content items using predicted performance”. US Patent 9256688 (2016).

Video of David Baltimore (former Caltech President and 1975 Nobel Laureate in Medicine) speaking about my undergraduate research.

ios用什么上谷歌 of Ralph Hirschmann (my grandfather) being awarded the National Medal of Science.

Last updated September 2025.

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